References Used in Constructing this Exhibit

Early Life

Bond, Earl D. 1950. Thomas W. Salmon: Psychiatrist. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.

Komora, Paul O. 1937/1943(?). “Salmon (Saloman) Genealogy.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, Box 3. https://dcmny.org/do/7cf85861-34be-4513-ad84-288dae8b5222#page/1.

Immigration in 1904 (all sections)

Baynton, Douglas C. 2016. Defectives in the Land. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Bencivenni, Marcella. 2020. "The Italian Immigrant Working-Class Experience in the United States." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-685.

Birn, Anne-Emanuelle. 1997. "Six Seconds Per Eyelid: The Medical Inspection of Immigrants at Ellis Island, 1892-1914." DYNAMIS. Acta Hisp. Med. Sci. Hist. Zllus. 17: 281-316. PMID: 11623552.

Department of Labor. 1925. “Immigration and Emigration.” In Annual Report of Commissioner General of Immigration. https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1926/compendia/statab/48ed/1925-03.pdf.

Glueck, Bernard. 1913. “The Mentally Defective Immigrant.” New York Medical Journal October 1913. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library. https://dcmny.org/do/600f5187-e3a1-4aab-b205-9746f8bf770e#page/1.

Klein, Alexander, Max-Stephan Schulze, and Tamás Vonyó. 2017. “How Peripheral was the Periphery? Industrialization in East Central Europe since 1870.” in Kevin Hjortshøj O'Rourke, and Jeffrey Gale Williamson (eds), The Spread of Modern Industry to the Periphery since 1871. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753643.003.0004.

Library of Congress. N.d. “Immigration to the United States, 1851-1900.” Accessed March 12, 2026. https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/immigration-to-united-states-1851-1900/.

Resche, Antoine. 2020. “The Role of Transatlantic Shipping Companies in Euro-American Relations,” Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe [online]. https://ehne.fr/en/node/12471.

Resche, Antoine. 2024. “European Migrants’ Crossings to the United States (1880-1925),” Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe [online]. https://ehne.fr/en/node/14184.

Rodrigue, J-P. 2024. “Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times, 1833 – 1952.” In The Geography of Transport Systems, Sixth Edition. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003343196.

Steiner, Edward A. 1906. On the Trail of the Immigrant. New York: Fleming H. Revell and Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=tQUm2UB-eRAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s.

Yew, Elizabeth. 1980. “Medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1891-1924.” Bulletin of New York Academy of Medicine 56(5): 488–510. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1805119/.

Psychiatry and Immigration

Cannato, Vincent J. 2009. “Immigration and the Brahmins.” HUMANITIES 30(3). https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2009/mayjune/feature/immigration-and-the-brahmins.

Clarke, C.K. January 27, 1919. "The Defective Immigrant." Toronto Globe. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library. https://dcmny.org/do/e16eb85c-799d-4195-935d-63f3999bb491#page/1.

Dawes, Spencer L. 1925. “Immigration and the Problem of the Alien Insane.” State Hospital Quarterly. Utica, NY: State Hospitals Press. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library. https://dcmny.org/do/44cfe59f-c145-4ebf-bba5-0ee93d6b44a1#page/1.

Grob, Gerald N. 1983. Mental Illness and American Society, 1875-1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Massachusetts Commission on Lunacy. 1855. Report on insanity and idiocy in Massachusetts. House No. 144, under Resolve of the Legislature of 1854. Boston: William White.

Meyer, Adolf. 1923. “Meyer to [Irving] Fisher, Nov. 22, 1923,” Meyer Papers, Series II, Unit 231, Folder 1. Chesney Archives, John Hopkins Medical School. https://medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/collection/adolf-meyer-collection/.

White, William A. 1913. “Eugenics and Heredity in Nervous and Mental Diseases,”’ in ed. White and Smith Ely Jelliffe (eds.), The Modern Treatment of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 17-55. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. https://doi.org/10.1037/10639-001.

Williams, L.L. October 1, 1914. "The Medical Examination of Mentally Defective Aliens: Its Scope and Limitations." American Journal of Insanity 71(2): 257-268. https://dcmny.org/do/17372d19-521a-40bf-8c8b-bb6921499040#page/2.

Salmon on Ellis Island

Salmon, Thomas W. December 12, 1913. “Letter to Caroline B. Alexander discussing conditions for immigrants on Ellis Island.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/dcb6955e-11a9-4537-912e-207e6f8d2434#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. November 9, 1906. “Thomas W. Salmon's Letter Justifying his Actions on November 8, 1906.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/1b753c3e-7bfb-4d3a-8d1c-e8c7807fe97b#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. and Rupert Blue. December 27-31, 1915. “Materials relating to Thomas W. Salmon's application for a position in the Medical Reserve Corps of the Navy.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/7f1aad2a-146f-40a3-ba08-fa581bd94a4d#page/1.

Komora, Paul O. 1943. “Record of an interview with Mr. and Mrs. Zechariah Chafee, Jr.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/82c62b5a-fbb7-41ac-98ed-2764ad1f4c33#page/1.

Salmon’s Immigration Writings

Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1914. Bulletin 119: Insane and Feeble-Minded in Institutions 1910: General Tables. Washington: Government Printing Office.

Salmon, Thomas W. 1906. “The Diagnosis of Insanity in Immigrants.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/c32708a1-b23b-4440-8ef6-57e763eb6a35#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. July 1907. “The Relation of Immigration to the Prevalence of Insanity.” American Journal of Insanity 64(1): 54-71. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/644aaf28-32cb-4214-b4bf-5fc1e7f019ba#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. November 1911. “Insanity and the Immigration Law.” N.Y. State Hospitals Bulletin. Utica, NY: State Hospitals Press. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/486acfab-f705-404f-8cdc-9f924ddc9938#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. 1914. “Immigration and the Prevention of Insanity.” In Conference on Mental Hygiene Report. Illinois Society of Mental Hygiene. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/dffbe937-f375-4b4c-9fab-e9fff218d4f3#page/1.

NCMH

Dowbiggin, Ian Robert. 2003. Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada 1880-1940. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Grob, Gerald N. 1983. Mental Illness and American Society, 1875-1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Among the Rich and Powerful

Alter, Rebekah, Holly Atkinson and Lisa Hendrickson. N.d. “Biographical Sketch of Caroline Stevens Alexander Wittpenn.” In Part III: Mainstream Suffragists—National American Woman Suffrage Association, part of Thomas Dublin and Kathryn Kish Sklar (eds.), Online Biographical Dictionary of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the United States. Accessed March 12, 2026. https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1010596277.

American Medico-Psychological Association Committee on Statistics. 1918. Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane. Albany, NY: W.M. Boyd Printing Co.

Brandt, Lilian. 1907. “Charity Organization of New York City: A Brief History.” VCU Libraries Social Welfare History Project. Accessed March 12, 2026. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/social-work/charity-organization-society-of-new-york-city/.

Harrell, Sam. 2023. “Social Work & Corrections in the Progressive Era: What We Remember, What We Obscure.” Journal of Progressive Human Services 34(1): 55–74. doi:10.1080/10428232.2022.2109359.

Rockefeller Foundation. 1914. Annual Report 1913-1914. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/governance-reports/.

Rockefeller Foundation. 1915. Annual Report Special Edition 1915. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/governance-reports/.

Rockefeller Foundation. 1916. Annual Report 1916. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/governance-reports/.

Rockefeller Foundation. 1917. Annual Report 1917. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/governance-reports/.

Salmon, Thomas W. May 21, 1917. “Memorandum on appropriations for medical surveys for 1917 from the Rockefeller Foundation.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/76189c6d-29a3-4fba-89f9-453894f72f9c#page/1.

Salmon in France and Beyond: A Rising Star

Executive Assistant to William Darrach. July 6, 1921. “Letter announcing Thomas W. Salmon's appointment as Professor of Psychiatry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/2dcaff6f-ae02-4d8b-aafb-43fb994f7e21#page/1.

Komora, Paul O., George K. Pratt, Arthur Hiler Ruggles. August 15-20, 1927. “Correspondence between Paul O. Komora, George K. Pratt, and Arthur Ruggles on Thomas W. Salmon's death and funeral.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/70142a57-6164-45dd-8fa7-92406a296e27#page/1.

Komora, Paul O. 1937/1943(?). “Record of an interview with Louis Casamajor.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/0feeeca8-e156-4197-92d8-f8f4d7ba29db#page/1.

Komora, Paul O. 1937/1943(?). “Salmon (Saloman) Genealogy.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/7cf85861-34be-4513-ad84-288dae8b5222#page/1.

James, Walter B., Frank Diehl Fackenthal and Thomas W. Salmon. “Correspondence between Walter B. James, William Darrach, Frank D. Fackenthal, and Thomas W. Salmon on offering Goerge A. Kirby a professorship at Columbia University.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/bdb9bc28-20f9-4dbe-87f1-710e9806751a#page/1.

Johnson, Eleanor H., Stephen P. Duggan and Thomas W. Salmon. October 1, 1916. “The Proposal to Discontinue the Use of Randall's Island for the Feebleminded.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/a15f85ea-e1b5-4acb-9df0-e878dab490d1#page/1.

The New York Sun and Thomas W. Salmon. April 10-29, 1919. “’Lessons of Shell Shock: Dr. Salmon Explains Some Misconceptions’ and Thomas W. Salmon's response.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/2f0ffdfd-3bd9-4b7e-abc1-3647e2c9a074#page/1.

New York World Telegram and Sun. February 24, 1965. “Edwin A. Salmon, 62, Ex-City Planner, Dies.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/e154f750-c6c2-419c-a0d6-c6271f81f3c3#page/1.

Thomas W. Salmon. 1914. “Immigration and the Prevention of Insanity.” In Conference on Mental Hygiene Report. Illinois Society of Mental Hygiene. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/dffbe937-f375-4b4c-9fab-e9fff218d4f3#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. 1917. “The Care and Treatment of Mental Diseases and War Neuroses ('Shell Shock') in the British Army.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/6c994a12-936c-4d75-831a-de0e3bfe1f78#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. August 18, 1918. “Letter to Helen Ashley Salmon about the administration of psychiatric hospitals and loneliness (Transcription).” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/146ee066-fb67-41fa-88c2-7d6aa901e2fc#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. December 8, 1918. “Letter to Helen Ashley Salmon about visiting Lorraine, Luxembourg, and parts of German-occupied Alsace (Transcription).” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/0fa05477-2348-41a0-b0c2-302f7a108489#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. December 9, 1918. “Letter from Thomas W. Salmon to a "Dr. Russell" discussing provisions for psychiatric care in the American Expeditionary Force and for the care of veterans in the mainland United States.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/c3c7c83f-ac3d-4093-914e-3f186d9f12d8#page/1. [in-text: 3]

Salmon, Thomas W. 1919. “Psychiatric Lessons from the War.” In Transactions of the American Neurological Association, Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/08fe70fb-9ac4-437a-806f-cfad5b23ce68#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. 1920(?). “War Neuroses ('Shell Shock').” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/eff2c422-6fab-4581-bb6d-165d7ced1907#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. April 4, 1921. “Address at the Carnegie Hall Rally by Thomas W. Salmon.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/557ace50-62b6-49b5-8376-764190f0ca58#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. March 20, 1922. “Provisions for Psychiatry in the hospital facilities and curriculum of the College of Physicians and Surgeons.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/e7077c1c-6731-436b-9d77-79bbc71ab8aa#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. and Harvey Cushing. January 24 – May 19, 1927. “Correspondence between Thomas W. Salmon and Harvey Cushing on Salmon's Gasserian ganglion.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/b48c2736-a386-41ee-aa45-5fbee186b2ad#page/1.

The World. August 31, 1919. “Vital Hospital Problem When the Public Health Service Takes Over the Soldiers 'Wounded in Mind.'” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/a4efe375-2abc-416e-950b-d9e848a4a7b0#page/1.

Conclusion/100 Years of Immigration Enforcement

American Psychiatric Association. N.d. “Immigration Toolkit.” Psychiatry.org. Accessed March 12, 2026. https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/immigration-toolkit.

Dawes, Spencer L. 1917. “The New Immigration Law.” S.C.A.A. News. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/8ca3a74a-c37e-46b5-8726-9b8edb71efb0#page/1.

Haviland, C. Floyd. June 12, 1924. “Letter from C. Floyd Haviland to George A. Hastings criticising the Immigration Act of 1924.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/005e7408-a402-418c-9f5a-04187ba4bc63#page/1.

Interstate Conference on Immigration. November 1923. “Official Minutes and Recommendations.” State Hospital Quarterly. Utica, NY: State Hospitals Press. Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/fd329848-6540-492a-8722-38d7390fe94e#page/1.

Pastor, Robert A. 1984. “U. S. Immigration Policy and Latin America: In Search of the ‘Special Relationship.’” Latin American Research Review 19(3): 35–56.

Salmon, Thomas W. 1918. “Letter to Helen Ashley Salmon about putting a holy curse on the Kaiser (Transcription).” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/06891907-b054-4cb0-af0e-c0f5a77e78d2#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. March 27, 1918. “Letter to Helen Ashley Salmon discussing the Spring Offensive in 1918, and the value of America's participation in WWI (Transcription).” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/19db9254-995b-41b1-847f-19b4455ba594#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. December 31, 1918. “Letter to Helen Ashley Salmon about visiting Koblenz in Germany, and organizing the occupation force (Transcription).” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/84555900-185f-4a75-aba8-13301610b5a7#page/1.

Salmon, Thomas W. April 11, 1924. “Report on the Sub-Committee on Alien Insane, Presented to the Committee on Mental Hygiene, April 11th, 1924.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/8ae14752-ad8d-4bb4-8dc0-e5ff1dc7ea7c#page/1.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. N.d. “Immigration to the United States 1933–41.” Accessed March 12, 2026. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/immigration-to-the-united-states-1933-41.

Unknown Secretary. March 11, 1924. “Letter to Everett S. Elwood discussing how to advocate for immigration restrictions based on mental capacity.” Thomas W. Salmon Collection, Oskar Diethelm Library, https://dcmny.org/do/c128395f-7785-4f51-9967-e6f7a8fb0829#page/1.

U.S. Congress. House. February 5, 1917. “Immigration Act of 1917.” 64th Congress, 2nd sess., ch. 29, H.R. 10384. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-39/pdf/STATUTE-39-Pg874-2.pdf.

U.S. Congress. House. May 26, 1924. “Immigration Act of 1924.” 68th Congress, 1st sess., ch. 190, H.R. 7995. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-43/pdf/STATUTE-43-Pg153-2.pdf.

References Used in Constructing this Exhibit

"Mental Hygiene" and Immigration: The Thomas W. Salmon MD Papers